CosmoBiz Overview


People of CosmoBiz
Introduction
Methodology and research plan
State-of-the-art and relationship to previous and current work
Project Investigators
Impact on future research and research training
References

People of CosmoBiz

Currently the following people work on the project. A number of positions will be announced in the future.

Investigators and Administration

  • Thomas Hildebrandt, principal investigator, associate professor, ITU.
  • Kjeld Schmidt, associate professor, ITU. Professor, Institute of Organization, Copenhagen Business School
  • Henning Niss, assistant professor (until August 31, 2007), ITU.
  • Arne John Glenstrup, assistant professor (from September 1st, 2007), ITU.
  • Mikkel Bundgaard, PostDoc, ITU. (Funded by the BPL project)
  • Johanne Keiding, Academic Officer, Research Administration
  • Jens Lind, Student Programmer, Web Master (Until August 31, 2007)
  • Tijs Slaats, Student Programmer, Web Master (From February 1st)
  • NN (to be announced), Post Doc
  • Espen Højsgaard, PhD-student (From August 1st 2007 to July 31, 2011)
  • NN (to be announced), PhD-student

Industry

  • Thomas Jensen, Microsoft Development Center Copenhagen.

Student Projects

MsC

Other projects

  • P2P online consultation


Introduction

A large number of business and work processes as for instance within the transport, construction and sales domains are inherently mobile and location based. The increasing availability of PDAs, mobile phones and wireless networks potentially enable such business and work processes to be supported by so-called business process and workflow management systems at any location. In modern business process management systems, business and work processes are described in a business process language thereby separating the business process logic from the applications supporting or carrying out the individual tasks in the process. This makes it possible to integrate existing applications and to adapt, analyze and reorganize the business process continuously.

New standards for business process languages are emerging, notably the Business Process Management Notation (BPMN) (White, 2006) and the Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) (al, 2003) pushed by major industrial players including Microsoft, IBM, Oracle and SAP. However, the proposed standards and software architectures do not explicitly support mobility and adaptiveness. The processes described in the languages as well as the applications performing the individual tasks are immobile and centrally controlled. While process management systems do allow for adaptation and changes of business process descriptions, the actual management process which creates new processes and controls the changes of existing processes can not itself be described as a business process. In technical terms, the current systems only allow first order business processes. A higher order language is needed to describe processes that manipulate processes.

A vehicle for supporting mobility and true adaptiveness as obtained from a higher-order process language is a formal specification of the business process language. BPMN and BPEL, however, are as yet only based on informal and ambiguous specifications.

The aim of the research project is to provide formalisations and implementations of business process languages supporting mobile and adaptive business processes which support the needs of mobile workers and impact the future commercial business process management systems. To achive this aim, the research will be informed by challenges provided by developers working on state-of-the art mobile business applications at the industrial partner, the Mobile Applications Group at Microsoft Development Center Copenhagen (MDCC), and studies of real cases of mobile workers, in particular the traveling salesmen business process given below. This example was identified at an envisioning workshop held jointly with MDCC.

The Traveling Salesmen Business Process: A number of mobile salesmen travel between different customers and sell goods. For each customer a salesman has a customer case. A customer case is an active (sub) business process which at any location provides support for sales, i.e. querying and updating the central stock, presenting the usual reductions of prices for a customer or providing statistics on sales for similar customers. Through a sales process management process, the salesman may revise and adapt customer cases, delegate a customer case to other salesmen or create new customer cases, perhaps using existing descriptions as templates.

The customer cases are examples of mobile processes embedded in the salesman's mobile device. The sales process management process exemplifies a higher order process which adapts, creates, and delegates customer cases. Presently this kind of functionality is only provided centrally in the process management system and can not be described within a business process.

The flexibility offered by mobility and adaptiveness makes the construction of correct business process descriptions more complex. We propose to address the complexity by adding type systems to the languages controlling aspects such as proper invocation of subprocesses, mobility of processes and their access rights.

Providing support for mobility and adaptiveness opens a large new market for business software that will strengthen the position of MDCC in Denmark. Providing formal semantics for business processes is recognized as a foothill project towards the UK Grand Challenge of Ubiquitous Computing (Sloman,) and as a milestone of the Process Modelling Group (), an international network of researchers and practitioners instigated by professor Robin Milner (Cambridge), with the aim to enhance the quality of commercial business process software by putting existing theoretical work to use and to further the scientific understanding of business process modeling.

Methodology and research plan

The research is an interdisciplinary effort joining key expertises within theoretical computer science, computer supported collaborative work and developers in the newly formed Mobile Applications Group at Microsoft Development Center Copenhagen. The project combines the research of the principal investigator, associate professor Thomas Hildebrandt and his PhD student, Mikkel Bundgaard in formal models of concurrent and higher-order mobile embedded processes, the research of the co-investigators, associate professor Kjeld Schmidt on computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) and assistant professor Henning Niss on distributed systems and programming languages, and the work on formal models of mobile processes of external collaborator, Turing Award winner, professor Robin Milner.

More concretely, we base our language design on formal models and semantics of mobile concurrent processes, field studies of concrete mobile work processes, and on real cases provided by the Mobile Applications Group at MDCC. The language design will be interleaved with development of prototype implementations, to be used in the field studies and to ensure that the proposed languages are measured against the technological possibilities in design of distributed systems and meet the requirements of mobile work processes in practice. The formal models ensure a sound basis for the complex language primitives for higher-order adaptiveness and mobility and will be used as a foundation for the prototypes and development of type systems. Impact on future process management systems and standards is obtained by feedback to the Mobile Applications Group as well as participation in reviews performed by the relevant standardization groups (e.g. OASIS) and by scientific as well as popular publications.

The project continues the current PhD project (funded by Danske Bank) on exploring ways to minimize the gap between a business process model and the actual IT implementation of that model, carried out by Steen Brahe and co-supervised by Schmidt (Brahe and Østerbye, 2006). The project includes and continues the current ITU funded PhD project of Bundgaard on models, reasoning techniques and types for higher-order mobile embedded resources (Hildebrandt et al, 2004), (Bundgaard et al, 2005), (Bundgaard et al, 2006), (Godskesen and Hildebrandt, 2004). Further, the project applies the foundational research (Bundgaard and Hildebrandt, 2006), (Birkedal et al, 2006) carried out within the Bigraphical Programming Languages (BPL) project (Birkedal et al, 2004) funded by the Danish Research Agency grant no. 2059-03-0031 with the aim to develop programming languages for ubiquitous context-dependent mobile systems and in which Hildebrandt, Niss and Bundgaard participate. Finally, the project continues recent work by Hildebrandt, Niss and two MSc students (Hildebrandt et al, 2005), (Hildebrandt et al, 2006), (Winther, 2004), (Olsen, 2006) providing a framework based on the bigraph formalism in which to prototype formalised implementations of business process languages suitable for experimental studies in CSCW. Jointly, the work above shows a promising path to successfully reaching the goal of the research project.

The research project divides naturally into two PhD projects and a one year Post Doc project. The primary goal of the first PhD project, supervised by Hildebrandt, will be to undertake research in formal semantics of higher-order mobile business process execution languages and develop prototype execution engines based on the formalisations and continuing the work of (Hildebrandt et al, 2006), (Olsen, 2006). The primary goal of the second PhD project, supervised by Schmidt, will be to identify the adequate business process execution language constructions based on ethnographic field studies of mobile work processes combined with experimental prototyping. Both PhD projects will be co-supervised by Niss so as to guarantee strong coherence within the research project with a view to implement research-based prototypes of mobile business process execution languages. By employing Bundgaard as Post Doc for one year after he completes his PhD project in August 2007, the knowledge obtained within his PhD project is transferred to the CosmoBiz? project and applied to research and development of type systems, and reasoning techniques for higher-order mobile process calculi applied to the domain of business process models.

State-of-the-art and relationship to previous and current work

The next generation of IT-supported business and work processes are envisioned to be described in high-level notations such as BPMN and translated to executable languages such as BPEL. So far, BPEL is based on an informal ambiguous specification. Pioneering work (Aalst and Hee, 2002) has provided a formal foundation of general workflow processes in the Petri Net model (Petri, 1962) and a complete Petri Net semantics of BPEL has been provided (Hinz et al, 2005). Extensions of the Petri Net model supporting mobile and higher-order processes are only now emerging. In contrast, process calculi for mobile and higher-order processes are well understood (Milner, 1993) and have been advocated for formalizing mobile business processes (Smith and Fingar, 2003), (Smith and Fingar, 2004).

Bigraphical reactive systems developed by Milner (bigraph-report), (Milner, 2004), (Jensen and Milner, 2003), (Milner, 2006) is a recent promising general semantical framework for mobile embedded communicating processes. Milner and his PhD student Høgh-Jensen have shown that both Petri Nets and the pi-calculus can be expressed as bigraphical reactive systems (Milner, 2004), (Jensen, 2005) and this work has recently been extended to higher-order mobile resources, context-dependent mobile systems and typed pi-calculus by Hildebrandt, Niss and Bundgaard (see below). In the last couple of years types have played an increasingly important role for calculi for concurrency and mobility (Merro and Sassone, 2002), (Chaki et al, 2002), (Cardelli et al, 2000), (Godskesen and Hildebrandt, 2004), (Godskesen and Hildebrandt, 2005), and for the pi-calculus in particular (Pierce:93:TypingSubtypForMobProcesses), (Berger et al, 2005), (Igarashi and Kobayashi, 2001). Types have, for instance, been applied for controlling and reasoning about capabilities and mobility of mobile processes (Hennessy et al, 2005) and for controlling access rights (Bugliesi et al, 2004).

Research in the area of CSCW has been exploring and developing advanced information technologies that may support the coordination and integration of distributed activities in complex work settings. Significant progress has been made in understanding both how cooperating actors effortlessly align their activities by exploiting their knowledge of material settings and embodied actions to be aware of the changing state of affairs (Heath and Luff, 2000), (Schmidt, 2002), and how they devise and employ coordination constructs such as workflow specifications to handle complex interdependencies (Schmidt and Simone, 1996), (Schmidt and Wagner, 2004). At the same time, notable progress has been made with respect to the development of advanced technologies to support coordinative practices (Simone et al, 1995), (Simone and Divitini, 1997), (Divitini and Simone, 2000). There is a visible gap, conceptually as well as technologically, between the technologies that regulate pre-defined workflows and technologies that facilitate embodied practices of improvised and adaptive coordination (Schmidt and Simone, 2000). This deficit becomes acutely visible when mobility of actors and resources is taken into account. An overview of this line of research can be found in (Klein et al, 2000).

Project investigators

Thomas Hildebrandt achieved his PhD in 1999 from University of Aarhus on process models for concurrent interacting systems. He has authored more than 20 internationally peer-reviewed publications and organised and served on the program committee of several international workshops in the areas of models for concurrency, global ubiquitous computing, and in the combination of theory and systems building (Chalmers et al, 2006).

Hildebrandt is co-investigator on the Bigraphical Programming Languages (BPL) research project and the Calculi for Mobile Security project (Danish Research Agency grant no.: 2059-03-0031 and grant no.: 272-05-0258). He supervises PhD student Mikkel Bundgaard on process calculi for higher-order mobile embedded resources (Hildebrandt et al, 2004), (Godskesen and Hildebrandt, 2005), (Bundgaard et al, 2006), (Bundgaard and Hildebrandt, 2006), (Bundgaard and Sassone, 2006) and co-supervises PhD student Søren Debois on the BPL project (Birkedal et al, 2006), (Birkedal et al, 2006). As part of the BPL project Hildebrandt, Niss et al have initiated research in bigraphical models for mobile context-dependent systems (Birkedal et al, 2006) and supervised two MSc thesis projects (Winther, 2004), (Olsen, 2006) developing a prototype of a distributed XML-based implementation of the bigraphical reactive systems framework using a novel peer-to-peer XML persistence layer (lit.bib,XMLStore). Two research papers demonstrate its use for respectively context-dependent mobile systems (Hildebrandt et al, 2005) and formalisation of the business process execution langauage BPEL (Hildebrandt et al, 2006). Jointly with associate professor, Finn Kensing, ITU, he has recently received funding as supervisor of the PhD project From Clinical Guideline to Clinical IT within workflow management systems for the healthcare sector (Danish Research Agency, grant no.: 645-06-0025), equally co-funded by ITU and the industrial partner Resultmaker. The project is an interdisciplinary effort between Hildebrandt and Kensing joining theoretical computer science and CSCW having a high degree of synergy with the proposed research project.

Kjeld Schmidt has been involved in the research area of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) for the last 20 years. He has played a key role in defining the field and has been Editor-in-Chief of the journal Computer Supported Cooperative Work since 1992. His research generally addresses the theoretical underpinnings of CSCW and focuses on developing the conceptual and technological basis for computational notations that enable ordinary workers to express, appropriate, execute, modify, combine, and perhaps circumvent computational coordinative protocols such as workflows and classification schemes. Schmidt is currently supervisor of two PhD projects that bear on the proposed research: Jens Pedersen and Lars Rune Christensen, both funded by ITU and studying coordinative issues of mobility in cooperative work. Schmidt co-supervises Steen Brahe, who is exploring ways to minimize the gap between a model of a business process and the actual IT implementation of that model. Schmidt and Hildebrandt have jointly organized and lectured courses on mobile applications.

Henning Niss obtained his PhD degree in 2002 from University of Copenhagen on novel techniques for region-based memory management and has a solid experience in development of type systems and research-based software, in particular to evaluate the applicability of research ideas; ranging from a commercial Year 2000 conversion tool (Eidorff et al, 1999), advanced memory management (Henglein et al, 2001), over library glue code (mGtk) (Larsen and Niss, 2004), to research prototypes e.g. for the XML Store project (XMLStore). He co-supervises PhD student Ebbe Elsborg on formalizations of context-aware systems.

Impact on future research and research training

Providing a formal semantics for commercially used business process execution languages and mobile and adaptive business processes is a milestone for the international research efforts on process modelling and global ubiquitous computing (Sloman,), (). The proposed research project and the two PhD students contribute to a number of research projects associated with the FIRST PhD School within the areas of software technology for business systems} and mobile context dependent systems'', notably the NEXT project () jointly between ITU, DIKU and MDCC researching next generation ERP systems, the research consortium on User Supportive Embedded Configuration (USEC) jointly between ITU, DTU, SDU and 4 industrial partners, and the 3gERP project recently funded by the foundation for advanced technology, jointly between CBS, DIKU and MDCC. Finally, the project is tied to the current teaching and research efforts within Healthcare IT at ITU by a recently funded PhD project to be supervised by Hildebrandt and Kensing. Together the activities provide a critical mass of students for the FIRST PhD School to arrange research seminars, develop and teach courses in software technology for business systems and process aware information systems in particular.

References

  • The Process Modelling Group. . Webpage, 2005. (\url{http://www.process-modelling-group.org/}). (BIB)
  • The NEXT Project webpage. . Webpage, 2005. (\url{http://www.itu.dk/next/}). (BIB)
  • Workflow Management. Wil van der Aalst and Kees van HeeMIT Press, , 2002. (BIB)
  • Genericity and the pi-calculus. Martin Berger, Kohei Honda and Nobuko Yoshida. Acta Informatica, 42(2-3):83-141, 2005. (BIB)
  • Bigraphical Programming Languages. Lars Birkedal, Thomas Hildebrandt, Martin Elsman , Henning Niss and Arne J. Glenstrup. Webpage, 2004. (\url{http://www.itu.dk/research/theory/bpl/}). (BIB)
  • Sortings for Reactive Systems. Lars Birkedal, Søren Debois and Thomas Hildebrandt. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR'06), pages 248-262, 2006. (BIB)
  • Bigraphical Models of Context-aware Systems. Lars Birkedal, Søren Debois, Ebbe Elsborg, Thomas Hildebrandt and Henning Niss. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures (FOSSACS'06), pages 187-201, 2006. (BIB)
  • Business Process Modeling: Defining Domain Specific Modeling Languages using UML Profiles. Steen Brahe and Kasper Østerbye. In Second European Conference on Model Driven Architecture: Foundations and Applications, pages 241-255, 2006. (BIB)
  • Type Based Discretionary Access Control.. Michele Bugliesi, Dario Colazzo and Silvia Crafa. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR'04), pages 225-239, 2004. (BIB)
  • Bigraphical Semantics of Higher-Order Mobile Embedded Resources with Local Names. Mikkel Bundgaard and Thomas Hildebrandt. In Proceedings of the Graph Transformation for Verification and Concurrency Workshop (GT-VC'05), pages 7-29, 2006. (BIB)
  • Typed Polyadic Pi-calculus in Bigraphs. Mikkel Bundgaard and Vladimiro Sassone. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGPLAN international conference on Principles and Practice of Declarative Programming (PPDP'06), pages 1-12, 2006. (BIB)
  • A CPS Encoding of Name-Passing in Higher-Order Mobile Embedded Resources. Mikkel Bundgaard, Thomas Hildebrandt and Jens Chr. Godskesen. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, 128(2):131-150, 2005. (BIB)
  • A CPS Encoding of Name-Passing in Higher-Order Mobile Embedded Resources. Mikkel Bundgaard, Thomas Hildebrandt and Jens Chr. Godskesen. Theoretical Computer Science, 356(3):422-439, 2006. (. Special issue of Expressiveness in Concurrency). (BIB)
  • Ambient Groups and Mobility Types. Luca Cardelli, Giorgio Ghelli and Andrew D. Gordon. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Theoretical Computer Science (TCS'00), pages 333-347, 2000. (BIB)
  • Types as Models: Model Checking Message-Passing Programs. Sagar Chaki, Sriram K. Rajamani and Jakob Rehof. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages (POPL'02), pages 45-57, 2002. (BIB)
  • International Workshop on Combining Theory and Systems Building in Pervasive Computing. Dan Chalmers, Simon Dobson, Thomas Hildebrandt , Julian Rathke and Sotirios Terzis. \url{http://www.smartlab.cis.strath.ac.uk/CTSB/}, JAN 2006. (Call for papers). (BIB)
  • Supporting Different Dimensions of Adaptability in Workflow Modeling. Monica Divitini and Carla Simone. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 9(3--4):365-397, 2000. (BIB)
  • AnnoDomini: From Type Theory to Year 2000 Conversion Tool. Peter Harry Eidorff, Fritz Henglein, Christian Mossin, Henning Niss, Morten Heine Sørensen and Mads Tofte. In Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL'99), pages 1-14, 1999. (BIB)
  • Copyability Types for Mobile Computing Resources. Jens Chr. Godskesen and Thomas Hildebrandt, 2004. ("Presented at the International Workshop on Formal Methods and Security). (BIB)
  • Extending Howe's Method to Early Bisimulations for Typed Mobile Embedded Resources with Local Names. Jens Chr. Godskesen and Thomas Hildebrandt. In Proceedings of the 25th Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS'05), pages 140-151, 2005. (BIB)
  • Technology in Action. Christian C. Heath and Paul LuffCambridge University Press, , 2000. (BIB)
  • Plan-X Project. Fritz Henglein and Henning Niss. Webpage, 2005. (\url{http://www.plan-x.org/} ({XML Store} is part of the {Plan-X Project})). (BIB)
  • A Direct Approach to Control-Flow Sensitive Region-Based Memory Management. Fritz Henglein, Henning Makholm and Henning Niss. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Principles and Practice of Declarative Programming (PPDP'2001), pages 175-186, 2001. (BIB)
  • SafeDpi: a language for controlling mobile code. Matthew Hennessy, Julian Rathke and Nobuko Yoshida. Acta Informatica, 42(4--5):227-290, 2005. (BIB)
  • Bisimulation Congruences for Homer --- a Calculus of Higher Order Mobile Embedded Resources. Thomas Hildebrandt, Jens Chr. Godskesen and Mikkel Bundgaard. Technical report TR-2004-52, IT University of Copenhagen, 2004. (BIB)
  • Distributed Reactive XML. Thomas Hildebrandt, Henning Niss, Martin Olsen and Jacob W. Winther. In "Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Methods and Tools for Coordinating Concurrent, pages 61-80, 2005. (BIB)
  • Formalising Business Process Execution with Bigraphs and Reactive XML. Thomas Hildebrandt, Henning Niss and Martin Olsen. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Coordination Models and Languages (COORDINATION), pages 113-129, 2006. (URL) (BIB)
  • Transforming BPEL to Petri Nets. Sebastian Hinz, Karsten Schmidt and Christian Stahl. In "Business Process Management: 3rd International Conference, Nancy France, sep 2005. (BIB)
  • A Generic Type System for the Pi-Calculus. Atsushi Igarashi and Naoki Kobayashi. In Proceedings of the 28th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages (POPL'01), pages 128-141, 2001. (BIB)
  • Bigraphs and transitions. Ole Høgh Jensen and Robin Milner. In Proceedings of the 30th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL'03), pages 38-49, 2003. (BIB)
  • Bigraphs and mobile processes (revised). Ole Høgh Jensen and Robin Milner. Technical report UCAM-CL-TR-580, University of {C}ambridge -- {C}omputer {L}aboratory, feb 2004. (BIB)
  • Mobile Processes in Bigraphs. Ole Høgh Jensen. PhD thesis, University of Aalborg, 2005. (Forthcoming). (BIB)
  • Introduction to the Special Issue on Adaptive Workflow Systems. Mark Klein, Chrysanthos Dellarocas and Abraham Bernstein. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 9(3--4):265-267, 2000. (BIB)
  • mGTK: An SML Binding of Gtk+. Ken Friis Larsen and Henning Niss. In "Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference, pages 127-134, 2004. (BIB)
  • Typing and Subtyping Mobility in Boxed Ambients.. Massimo Merro and Vladimiro Sassone. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR'02), pages 304-320, 2002. (BIB)
  • Communicating Systems and the $\pi$-Calculus. Robin MilnerCambridge University Press, , 1993. (BIB)
  • Bigraphs for Petri Nets. Robin Milner. In Lectures on Concurrency and Petri Nets: Advances in Petri Nets, pages 686-701, 2004. (BIB)
  • Axioms for bigraphical structure. Robin Milner. Technical report UCAM-CL-TR-581, University of {C}ambridge -- {C}omputer {L}aboratory, feb 2004. (BIB)
  • Pure Bigraphs: Structure and Dynamics. Robin Milner. Information and Computation, 204(1):60-122, 2006. (BIB)
  • Encoding Mobile Workflows in Reactive XML. Matin Olsen. Master's thesis, IT University of Copenhagen, jan 2006. (BIB)
  • Kommunikation mit Automaten. Carl Adam Petri. PhD thesis, Institut für Instrumentelle Mathematik, 1962. (BIB)
  • Typing and Subtyping for Mobile Processes. Benjamin C. Pierce and Davide Sangiorgi. Journal of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, 6(5):409-453, 1996. (BIB)
  • Coordination Mechanisms: Towards a Conceptual Foundation of CSCW Systems Design. Kjeld Schmidt and Carla Simone. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 5(2--3):155-200, 1996. (BIB)
  • Mind the gap! Towards a unified view of CSCW. Kjeld Schmidt and Carla Simone. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Design of Cooperative Systems ({COOP'00}), pages 205-221, 2000. (BIB)
  • Ordering Systems: Coordinative Practices and Artifacts in Architectural Design and Planning. Kjeld Schmidt and Ina Wagner. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 13(5--6):349-408, 2004. (BIB)
  • The Problem with ``Awareness: Introductory Remarks on ``Awareness in CSCW. Kjeld Schmidt. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 11(3--4):285-298, 2002. (BIB)
  • Ariadne: Supporting Coordination through a Flexible Use of the Knowledge on Work Processes. Carla Simone and Monica Divitini. Journal of Universal Computer Science, 3(8):865-898, 1997. (BIB)
  • A notation for malleable and interoperable coordination mechanisms for CSCW systems. Carla Simone, Monica Divitini and Kjeld Schmidt. In Proceedings of the Conference on Organizational Computing Systems (COOCS'95), pages 44-54, 1995. (BIB)
  • Business Process Management: The Third Wave. Howard Smith and Peter FingarMeghan-Kiffer Press, , 2003. (BIB)
  • Business Process Trends webpage. Howard Smith and Peter Fingar. \url{http://www.bptrends.com/}, 2004. (BIB)
  • Business Process Modeling Notation: Specification. Stephen A. White. \url{http://www.bpmn.org/Documents/OMG Final Adopted BPMN 1-0 Spec 06-02-01.pdf}, 2006. (BIB)
  • ReactiveXML. Jacob W. Winther. Master's thesis, IT University of Copenhagen, 2004. (BIB)
  • Business Process Execution Language for Web Services (BPEL4WS). Tony Andrews et al. \url{http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/specification/ws-bpel/}, 2003. (BIB)